Since there were only 25,000 enslaved people (in a country of 2,000,000 in 1851), the effects of manumission were small compared with those of the breakdown of the indigenous communal system, which affected a third of the population. The reforms, despite the liberal rhetoric that accompanied them, legalized-indeed encouraged-a redistribution of landed property and tended to strengthen the position of the wealthy landowners, merchants, and professionals against the mass of poor indigenous people, peasants, and artisans. Rather than eliminating the institutional barriers to self-fulfillment by the people, however, the reforms of 1850 tended to eliminate the traditional proscriptions that had stood as safeguards against the exploitation of the poor by the rich. His government ended slavery, ended indigenous people’s communal ownership of land, diverted tax resources from the central to local governments, and eliminated a number of taxes and monopolies held by the central government. The guiding principle of the radical Liberals under General López was greater liberty for the people of Colombia. It was his task to implement the reforms passed in 1850, which galvanized political sentiment and divided the country politically and economically for half a century. José Hilario López, of the radical faction of the Liberal Party, became president. These changes increased the production and export of tobacco but reduced the tax income of the national government.
Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, a Conservative, during his first term as president (1845–49) replaced the government monopoly on tobacco sales with a private monopoly and expanded international trade. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ĭolombia’s modern political history began in the late 1840s with the delineation of the Liberal and Conservative parties.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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